国际公认的23种致癌因素！肿瘤专家开出一张“防癌处方”
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.5560859188544153" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_gif%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhGgHoZickxkEfYLV2LFotjibibwibJibNJ9nsfV7mIFrhbIcdclaelHNZmGQ%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dgif" data-type="gif" data-w="419" style=""></p><p><br></p><p>《生命时报》<strong style="text-align: left;">（微信内搜索“LT0385”即可关注）</strong>结合国家癌症中心在国内外期刊上发表两篇研究论文，采访肿瘤领域专家，带你了解我国癌症的发病趋势，并学会科学防癌。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 1em;display: inline-block;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.5em;border-radius: 0.5em;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);font-size: 17px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">受访专家</p></span></section><section style="border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;margin-top: -1em;padding: 20px 10px 10px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国家癌症中心、中国医学科学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室主任 陈万青</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p style="line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">本报记者 | 李迪</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">本文编辑 | 徐文婷</span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);padding-bottom: 3px;border-top-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-right-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-left-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);border-top-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-right-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-left-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);font-size: 20px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>我国癌症流行现状</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p>最新一期的《中华肿瘤杂志》刊登了一篇名为《2015年中国恶性肿瘤流行情况分析》的研究。</p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.5607142857142857" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_gif%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhDqVpbZJ6pVyM8XEgDfiaS4s55MJRB4ya5UQ9F3zI5W0Pf4SHvGJRhHQ%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dgif" data-type="gif" data-w="560" style="width: 390px;height: 219px;"></p><p><br></p><p>国家癌症中心的研究人员，以全国368个肿瘤登记处上报的2015年数据为基础，估算出我国癌症的流行现况，可归纳为以下几点。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);padding: 0px 2px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);font-size: 18px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">发病率和死亡率</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p>持续上升</p></span></section></section></section></section><p>2015年，我国新发癌症病例数约为392.9万例，发病率为285.83/10万，癌症死亡例数约为233.8万例，死亡率为170.05/10万。</p><p><br></p><p>与历史数据相比，<strong>癌症负担呈持续上升态势</strong>，且近十多年来，癌症发病率每年保持约3.9%的增幅，死亡率每年保持2.5%的增幅。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);padding: 0px 2px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);font-size: 18px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城乡差异<br></p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p>逐渐减小</p></span></section></section></section></section><p>2015年，城市癌症发病率和死亡率(304.96/10万、172.61/10万)均略高于农村 (261.4/10万、166.79/10万)，但城乡差异正逐渐减小。</p><p><br></p><ul style="list-style-type: circle;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>这可能与吸烟、慢性感染、饮食习惯、空气污染等癌症危险因素的城乡差异缩小有关。</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>不过，农村医疗资源不足，诊治水平较差，居民防癌意识相对薄弱，需引起重视。</p></li></ul><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);padding: 0px 2px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);font-size: 18px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">男女高发癌</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">种类不一样</p></span></section></section></section></section><p>按发病人数多少排序，前十位癌症依次为：</p><p><br></p><p><strong>肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、食管癌、甲状腺癌、子宫颈癌、脑瘤、胰腺癌</strong>，约占总数的76.7%。</p><p><br></p><p>男性癌症发病率(305.47/10万)相对女性(265.21/10万)较高，且“癌谱”构成差异较大。</p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.6911764705882353" data-s="300,640" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhyEXfaY6FU0A3uEcic60Wrut4azqQX9quERtHeTzia7MpOCp2HQ5htBtA%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="408" style=""></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">我国男性前10位恶性肿瘤发病构成</span><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.6699507389162561" data-s="300,640" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRheicfvUWoGFEIqIuhPfSuYTI8swf8Bb6P4YqE962ib3WneJ7KlgyQcEtw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="406" style=""></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">我国女性前10位恶性肿瘤发病构成</span></p><p><br></p><p>值得关注的是，<strong>近年来甲状腺癌增幅较大</strong>，在女性癌谱中发病位居第4；<strong>男性前列腺癌上升趋势明显</strong>，位居男性发病第6，这两种癌是未来肿瘤防控的重点。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);padding: 0px 2px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);font-size: 18px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">40岁以后</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p>发病率快速升高</p></span></section></section></section></section><p>癌症发病随年龄增加而上升，40岁以下青年人群中，癌症发病率处于较低水平；从40岁开始快速升高，发病人数分布主要集中在60岁以上，到80岁达到高峰。</p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="5" data-cropselx2="332" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="250" data-ratio="0.740909090909091" data-s="300,640" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_jpg%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhzFynhHusRRoEYic2UibJ6l0V64Ku1iaEyDlYCBrS1gTzkwibt08St3w9eA%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Djpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="880" style="width: 390px;height: 289px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">2015年中国恶性肿瘤年龄别死亡情况估计</span></p><p><br></p><p>女性乳腺癌发病从30岁左右开始上升，男性前列腺癌发病则从60岁左右才开始上升。因此，应针对不同癌症发病年龄特点，采取有针对性的防控措施。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);padding: 0px 2px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);font-size: 18px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生存率</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p>和发达国家还有差距</p></span></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">（向上滑动查看更多内容）</span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;height: 240px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow-x: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-color: rgba(231, 230, 230, 0.85);border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;padding: 0.1em 0.3em;background-color: rgba(231, 230, 230, 0.85);color: rgb(62, 62, 62);text-align: left;font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在过去的十余年里，我国癌症生存率呈逐渐上升趋势，<strong>目前癌症5年相对生存率约为40.5%，与十年前相比，提高了约10个百分点</strong>，但与欧美发达国家相比还有很大差距。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">主要原因是，<strong>我国癌谱和发达国家存在差异</strong>。我国高发癌是预后较差的肝癌、胃癌和食管癌等消化系统肿瘤，欧美发达国家则是甲状腺癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌等预后较好的肿瘤高发。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同时，我们也应看到，我国预后较好肿瘤的5年生存率，比如乳腺癌(82%)、甲状腺癌(84.3%)和前列腺癌(66.4%)，仍与欧美发达国家存在差距，美国的数字依次为90.9%、98%和99.5%。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>差距的根源在于，我国癌症患者早诊早治率低、晚期病例临床诊治不规范。</strong>因此，扩大癌症筛查覆盖面、促进肿瘤诊治规范化，是我国亟需发力解决的两个问题。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><ul style="list-style-type: circle;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>据全球癌症负担估计结果，中国癌症新发病例和死亡病例分别占全球的23.7%和30.2%；</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>在全球185个国家或地区中，中国癌症发病、死亡情况位居中等偏上水平，<strong>食管癌、胃癌、肝癌等发病和死亡约占全球的一半</strong>。</p></li></ul><p><br></p><p>随着我国人口老龄化逐渐加剧、工业化和城镇化进程的不断加快，以及慢性感染、不健康生活方式等危险因素的累加，癌症防控形势比较严峻。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);padding-bottom: 3px;border-top-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-right-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-left-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);border-top-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-right-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-left-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);font-size: 20px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>最需防范23种致癌因素</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p>癌症发病率持续上升，我们普通人应该如何防癌？</p><p><br></p><p>陈万青教授发表在《柳叶刀—全球健康》上的一项研究，可以很好地回答这个问题。</p><p><br></p><p>该研究共纳入了23种被国际癌症研究署或世界癌症研究基金会确定的常见致癌因素。</p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="556" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="2098" data-ratio="3.644610458911419" data-s="300,640" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_jpg%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhAunsBRxJEF9k15MMRLXLJtrLdq3KXAIjytJshlpiaA4APHTSmI0591Q%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Djpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="937" style="width: 556px;height: 2025px;"></p><p><br></p><p>研究结果显示，<strong>在20岁及以上成人中，每年有103.6万人死于上述23种致癌因素引起的各种癌症</strong>，占全部20岁及以上癌症死亡人数(约为229万人)的45.2%。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 3px solid rgb(160, 160, 160);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">换句话说，只要防控好23种致癌因素，中国每年超过100万人可避免死于癌症。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">具体来说，51.2%的男性癌症死亡和34.9%的女性癌症死亡，可以避免。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">男性中，超过70%的卡波西肉瘤、鼻咽癌、肛门癌、口咽癌、肝癌、喉癌和肺癌可以避免。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">女性中，超过70%的卡波西肉瘤、宫颈癌、鼻咽癌、肛门癌和阴道癌可以避免。</p></li></ul></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p>男性和女性的主要致癌因素排序不同。</p><p><br></p><p><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><strong>男性：</strong></span><br></p><p>主动吸烟是31省所有男性的首要致癌因素，其次为乙肝病毒感染、水果摄入不足、饮酒和PM2.5暴露。</p><p><br></p><p><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><strong>女性：</strong></span><br></p><p>水果摄入不足、乙肝病毒感染、主动吸烟、体重超重和人乳头瘤病毒感染，是女性的主要致癌因素。</p><p><br></p><p>如果上述因素得到有效控制，不仅我国癌症负担有望大幅降低，也有利于其他疾病的防控。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);padding-bottom: 3px;border-top-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-right-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-left-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);border-top-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-right-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);border-left-color: rgb(214, 214, 214);font-size: 20px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>肿瘤专家开出的“<strong>防癌处方</strong>”</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p>生活中，我们如何防控好23种常见致癌因素？陈万青教授给出了具体建议。</p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.5625" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_gif%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRh4uKicMc236DSFZfofZK1VZ23ciaFfeWcLMBGSAQJMKNh0iaPnonUiapzzg%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dgif" data-type="gif" data-w="480" style="width: 370px;height: 208px;"></p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>戒烟、限酒</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><ul style="list-style-type: circle;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>我国吸烟人数超过3亿，政府应采取强有力的控烟措施，比如抓紧在烟盒上加入警示图形。<strong>抽烟的人要马上戒烟，不抽的人见到烟雾躲得越远越好</strong>。</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>饮酒与多种癌密切相关，即便少量饮酒或酒精饮料，都会增加患癌风险，<strong>最好不要喝</strong>。不得不喝的话，男性每天最多喝啤酒700毫升，或葡萄酒300毫升，或50度白酒70毫升，女性摄入量为男性一半。</p></li></ul><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>坚持锻炼</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p>成年人每周至少做150分钟的适度运动，比如健走，或至少75分钟的剧烈活动，比如中高速度跑步。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>餐餐果蔬</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p>成年人每天应摄入300~500克蔬菜、200~350克水果。</p><p><br></p><ul style="list-style-type: circle;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>果蔬富含维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维、生物活性物质，利于避免细胞癌变。</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>小米、鲜玉米等谷类，红小豆、绿豆等杂豆，黑芝麻、松子等坚果，也富含膳食纤维。</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>补钙不能少了奶类，豆制品、绿叶菜也是高钙食物。</p></li></ul><p><br></p><p>盐渍蔬菜不仅含盐较多，腌制时间不合适还会产生亚硝酸盐，增加患癌风险。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>适量吃肉</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p>牛肉、猪肉、羊肉等红肉是蛋白质、血红素铁的优质来源，但过量食用会增加患癌风险。</p><p><br></p><ul style="list-style-type: circle;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>每天吃畜禽肉应控制在40~75克之间，适量增加水产品摄入。</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>火腿、腊肠等深加工肉类能不吃就不吃，即使摄入量非常低，患癌风险也会增加。</p></li></ul><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>控制体重，管好血糖</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p>我国已成为世界上肥胖人口最多的国家，而超重或肥胖至少诱发12种癌症。</p><p><br></p><ul style="list-style-type: circle;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>体质指数（BMI）等于体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，超过24为超重，超过28是肥胖。控制体重的根本在于管住嘴、迈开腿。</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>一旦发现血糖超标，应在医生指导下控制血糖。糖尿病是终身疾病，患者必须遵从医嘱，坚持系统、规范的治疗。</p></li></ul><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>空气清洁</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p>世界卫生组织已将空气颗粒物(包括PM2.5)列为一级致癌物，这等同于说：目前有足够证据表明，<strong>空气污染和癌症有直接因果关系</strong>。</p><p><br></p><ul style="list-style-type: circle;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>政府应加大雾霾治理力度，老百姓可在家里置办一台空气净化器，空气差时外出要戴N95型口罩。</p><p><br></p></li><li><p>还需防室内氡、甲醛、苯等污染，装修应选购环保材料，入住前请专业机构进行环境检测。</p></li></ul><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>注意防晒</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p>晒太阳可补充维生素D，但过度暴晒会增加患皮肤癌风险。</p><p><br></p><p>晒太阳以阳光和煦的上午和下午为宜，避免正午暴晒，酷暑外出时要戴遮阳帽和太阳镜，穿防晒衣。</p><p><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1445783" src="https://lymx.com.cn/source/plugin/csdn123_news/display_picture.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FLW6jyicrwOUNI9zlbOTCtjDTiaspvv6rRhceIa2fz4YbTrfcrMqJZK4ZJ9MfLhHxsNz6QRAwCcicaTNDVfQcCAYJw%2F640%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-type="png" data-w="83" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 12px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong>接种疫苗，严防病毒</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">（向上滑动查看更多内容）</span><br></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;height: 240px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow-x: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-color: rgba(231, 230, 230, 0.85);border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;padding: 0.1em 0.3em;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);text-align: left;font-size: 17px;background-color: rgba(231, 230, 230, 0.85);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">幽门螺杆菌：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">经口对口传播，可诱发胃癌，建议分餐或用公筷、公勺盛饭夹菜，并注意碗筷消毒。如果发现感染，要在医生指导下治疗。</p></li></ul><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">乙肝和丙肝病毒主要经血液、母婴和性传播，会诱发肝癌。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">乙肝病毒：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">乙肝疫苗是我国一类疫苗，孩子出生时就会接种。没接种过的乙肝高危人群，比如医务人员、乙肝病毒表面抗原阳性者的家人，应尽快接种。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">丙肝病毒：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前，还没有针对丙肝病毒的疫苗，接受过输血、共用过注射器、在不正规场所文眉或拔牙的人，应主动进行丙肝病毒筛查。一旦确定感染，应积极配合治疗，丙肝可以治愈。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">艾滋病病毒：</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">艾滋病病毒通过血液和性接触传播，会削弱免疫系统，诱发肛门癌等多种癌症。没有保护措施的性行为、共用注射器会增加感染风险。若怀疑有感染风险，应及时检测，感染者需在医生指导下使用抗病毒药物。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人乳头瘤病毒包括很多种，高危HPV通常经性接触传播，会诱发宫颈癌等多种癌症。目前，HPV疫苗已在我国上市，属于二类疫苗，建议个人主动接种。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">两价HPV疫苗适合9~45岁女性，四价适合20~45岁，九价适合16~26岁，价数越高，可防范的HPV类型越多。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">注射疫苗前不需检查是否感染HPV，只要打就能起到防护作用。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">EB病毒：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">EB病毒最常见的传播途径是唾液接触，比如接吻、共用牙刷或杯子。90%以上的人一生中都会感染EB病毒，且多数人不会出现任何症状，只有小部分人因此患上淋巴瘤和鼻咽癌。目前，没有预防感染的疫苗和治疗方法。生活中，如发现鼻涕带血，及不明原因的颈部淋巴结肿大、中耳积液等症状，应及时排查。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">华支睾吸虫：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">主要来自未加工或没煮熟的淡水鱼，会诱发胆管癌。建议别吃淡水鱼生鱼片，把鱼肉煮熟、煮透。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">人类疱疹病毒8型：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最常通过唾液传播，多数人感染不会有任何症状，但部分免疫功能低下者更容易患上卡波西肉瘤。目前，没有疫苗和治疗方法。▲</p></li></ul><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p style="line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">本期编辑 ： 张杰 张宇 制图：靳丰华</span><span style="text-align: right; letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">喜欢，就给我一个</strong></span><strong style="color: rgb(217, 33, 61); text-align: right; letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">“好看”</strong></p>
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